I believe Lineage has a setting for this, but I’m not so sure about AOSP.

There’s a setting (config_allowAllRotations) in the Android source code that can be toggled to true by the ROM manufacturer to allow for 180 degree rotation automatically. On rooted devices, there are also modules you can use to override this without building the ROM yourself.

If your ROM makers haven’t enabled this setting during build time, and the ROM doesn’t provide an alternative (like Lineage used to), and you haven’t rooted your phone, auto rotate won’t be able to rotate to 180 degrees. There’s also another code path that prevents some applications from rotating to 180 degrees even with that setting on, but I don’t think that’s commonly enabled.

If you can get the phone to think you’re charging in a car dock, 180 degrees rotation is actually enabled by default. However, most normal USB chargers won’t identify as cars (and neither do many chargers built into cars, actually!).

When the phone is hooked up to a computer, you can use adb to set the rotation manually (adb shell settings put system user_rotation 2). However, that setting makes the auto rotation handler act a bit weird on my phone, so you may need to adb it to another position (0, 1, 3) to get it to go back to normal.

As far as I know, user_rotation isn’t a setting apps (without root permissions) are able to use, so I don’t know if you can get this to work if you’re not charging from a computer.